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Product photography is a broad concept because it includes large to small and even very small objects that require a different approach depending on the application.
Applications are for example: advertising, fashion, jewelry, scientific, collections,...
Whatever the application a high-quality photo remains important to captivate the viewer with the subject for more than one second. Whether this is informative (as much information as possible in one image) or creative, it doesn't matter as long as it continues to attract attention.
Flatlays is photographing from above where products in combination with associated attributes are creatively brought together to create an atmospheric image so that it provides an informative added value at a glance.
Microscopy is a more difficult discipline because it requires a microscope with a 'cold' halogen ring light source. Depth of field (small objects) and reflections (shiny objects) often remain an obstacle. Stacking and/or multilayering techniques are recommended for this.